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Quantify Neurological Disease Pathology in Vivo

Diagnostic Clinical PET Imaging

Rio Pharmaceuticals, Inc., is a privately held Delaware incorporated company that is advancing clinical trials in the United States (California) and Australia. Rio is transforming the diagnosis of neurological diseases through the development of new positron emission tomography (PET) imaging technology that can detect pathological changes in human brain and spinal tissues. The specific patterns of changes detected by our PET tracers serve as quantitative clinical readouts that can be coupled with other biomarkers to provide clinicians with improved disease diagnoses and staging, and the ability to follow tissue changes from new emergent therapies.

What is PET?

PET scanning is a clinical means to obtain quantitative neurochemical patient data in Vivo. PET uses radioactive molecules (tracers) that have high binding affinity for a specific target in the body, usually a key protein associated with the disease of interest. A small amount of the tracer is injected, and then radioactive decay events are captured with the PET scanner. Then, the  decay event is mapped onto the tissue location. In this way, the density (concentration) of the target protein of interest at a given anatomic location can be deduced. Thereby changes in disease pathology may be determined.


Brain Research Laboratory

 Glutamate

Current Lead Development Candidate: RP115

Rio’s new PET tracer, RP115, targets the EAAT2 protein in the central nervous system (CNS). EAAT2 is the main Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter protein in the nervous system, an abundant protein responsible for clearing glutamate from synapses. Glutamate is the most common neurotransmitter in the CNS and excessive glutamate is associated with excitotoxicity and neuronal damage.

EAAT2 is chiefly found on astrocytes, non-neuronal cells that play a major role in the regulation of synaptic function and participate in neuroinflammation processes. When EAAT2 is unavailable (loss of and/or downregulation), glutamate signaling is amplified. Excessive signaling at neuronal glutamate receptors can damage or kill the receptive neuron in the pathological process of excitotoxicity.

Rio’s PET imaging of EAAT2 in CNS tissues is focused on quantitative marking of glutamate neurotransmitter changes and alterations to astrocyte cell populations as a function of neurological disease. For some neurological diseases these changes are thought to occur early in the pathological cascade.

Published post-mortem data suggest that EAAT2 downregulation changes are hallmarks of cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease (AD), stroke, and Parkinson’s (PD). Early differential diagnoses of pathological changes are quite difficult.


Rio’s current RP115 focus is Alzheimer’s Disease. With original support from the Alzheimer's Disease Discovery Foundation (AADF) and subsequent support from the National Institutes of Health (National Institute of Aging) Rio is evaluating RP115 in the AD clinic at the University of California San Francisco (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: External link opens in new tab or windowNCT05374278). The EAAT2 PET imaging data will be correlated to other CNS PET imaging data (amyloid-beta and tau) and scored clinical observables. The initial clinical trial readout is slated for the coming year.


Rio is advancing RP115 with a second clinical study. In Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) loss of EAAT2 target in spinal tissues is associated with motor neuron pathology as demonstrated with post-mortem human tissue analyses. Recent PET imaging studies with RP115 were done in transgenic animals engineered with a familial form of ALS or that suffer from a naturally occurring canine form of ALS, called Degenerative Myelopathy. These studies showed a striking down-regulation of spinal EAAT2 target.


Since a biologically-based diagnostic measure of ALS pathology is a current clinical need, Rio is evaluating RP115 in a clinical study of ALS patients in collaboration with the External link opens in new tab or windowHerston Imaging Research Facility at the University of Queensland, Australia. The ALS clinical study is sponsored by the US Department of Defense and an initial clinical trial readout is anticipated during the coming year.

Discover Our PET Imaging Technology


At Rio Pharmaceuticals, our mission is to bring to the clinical market novel diagnostic PET imaging technology that will advance the diagnosis of neurological diseases. For more information, please contact us.

Rio Pharmaceuticals

Email: info@riopharmaceuticals.com

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